King James Bible Dictionary

Burning; the walled, a city in the vale of Siddim (Genesis 13:10; 14:1-16). The wickedness of its inhabitants brought down upon it fire from heaven, by which it was destroyed (18:16-33; 19:1-29; Deuteronomy 23:17). This city and its awful destruction are frequently alluded to in Scripture (Deuteronomy 29:23; 32:32; Isaiah 1:9, 10; 3:9; 13:19; Jeremiah 23:14; Ezekiel 16:46-56; Zephaniah 2:9; Matthew 10:15; Romans 9:29; 2 Peter 2:6, etc.). No trace of it or of the other cities of the plain has been discovered, so complete was their destruction. Just opposite the site of Zoar, on the south-west coast of the Dead Sea, is a range of low hills, forming a mass of mineral salt called Jebel Usdum, "the hill of Sodom." It has been concluded, from this and from other considerations, that the cities of the plain stood at the southern end of the Dead Sea. Others, however, with much greater probability, contend that they stood at the northern end of the sea. [in 1897].

their secret; their cement

Called also Sodoma.

Situated in the plain of the Jordan
Genesis 13:10

The southeastern limit of the Canaanites
Genesis 10:19

Lot dwells at
Genesis 13:12

King of, joins other kings of the nations resisting the invasion of Chedorlaomer
Genesis 14:1-12

Wickedness of the inhabitants of
Genesis 13:13; Genesis 19:4-13; Deuteronomy 32:32; Isaiah 3:9; Jeremiah 23:14; Lamentations 4:6; Ezekiel 16:46; Ezekiel 16:48-49; Jude 1:7

Abraham's intercession for
Genesis 18:16-33

Destroyed on account of the wickedness of the people
Genesis 19:1-29; Deuteronomy 29:23; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 49:18; Jeremiah 50:40; Lamentations 4:6; Amos 4:11; Zephaniah 2:9; Matthew 10:15; Luke 17:29; Romans 9:29; 2 Peter 2:6

Figurative of wickedness
Deuteronomy 23:17; Deuteronomy 32:32; Isaiah 1:10; Ezekiel 16:46-56

(burning), one of the most ancient cities of Syria. It is commonly mentioned in connection with Gomorrah, but also with Admah and Zeboim, and on one occasion

(Genesis 14:1) ...

with Bela or Zoar. Sodom was evidently the chief town in the settlement. The four are first named in the ethnological records of (Genesis 10:19) as belonging to the Canaanites. The next mention of the name of Sodom, (Genesis 13:10-13) gives more certain indication of the position of the city. Abram and Lot are standing together between Bethel and Ai, ver. 3, taking a survey of the land around and below them. Eastward of them, and absolutely at their feet, lay the "circle of Jordan." The whole circle was one great oasis

"a garden of Jehovah." ver. 10. In the midst of the garden the four cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboim appear to have been situated. It is necessary to notice how absolutely the cities are identified with the district. In the subsequent account of their destruction, (Genesis 19:1) ... the topographical terms are employed with all the precision which is characteristic of such early times. The mention of the Jordan is conclusive as to the situation of the district, for the Jordan ceases where it enters the Dead Sea, and can have no existence south of that point. The catastrophe by which they were destroyed is described in (Genesis 19:1) ... as a shower of brimstone and fire from Jehovah. However we may interpret the words of the earliest narrative, one thing is certain

that the lake was not one of the agents in the catastrophe. From all these passages, though much is obscure, two things seem clear:

1. That Sodom and the rest of the cities of the plain of Jordan stood on the north of the Dead Sea;
2. That neither the cities nor the district were submerged by the lake, but that the cities were overthrown and the land spoiled, and that it may still be seen in its desolate condition. When, however, we turn to more modern views, we discover a remarkable variance from these conclusions.
3. The opinion long current that the five cities were submerged in the lake, and that their remains

   walls, columns and capitals

   might he still discerned below the water, hardly needs refutation after the distinct statement and the constant implication of Scripture. But,

4. A more serious departure from the terms of the ancient history is exhibited in the prevalent opinion that the cities stood at the south end of the lake. This appears to, have been the belief of Josephus and Jerome. It seems to have been universally held by the medieval historians and pilgrims, and it is adopted by modern topographers probably without exception. There are several grounds for this belief; but the main point on which Dr. Robinson rests his argument is the situation of Zoar. (a) "Lot," says he, "fled to Zoar, which was near to Sodom; and Zoar lay almost at the southern end of the present sea, probably in the month of Wady Kerak ." (b) Another consideration in favor of placing the cities at the southern end of the lake is the existence of similar names in that direction. (c) A third argument, and perhaps the weightiest of the three, is the existence of the salt mountain at the south of the lake, and its tendency to split off in columnar masses presenting a rude resemblance to the human form. But it is by no means certain that salt does not exist at other spots round the lake. (d) (A fourth and yet stronger argument is drawn from the fact that Abraham saw the smoke of the burning cities from Hebron. (e) A fifth argument is found in the numerous lime-pits found at that southern end of the Dead Sea. Robinson, Schaff, B'deker, Lieutenant Lynch and others favor this view.

   ED.) It thus appears that on the situation of Sodom no satisfactory conclusion can at present be readied: On the one hand, the narrative of Genesis seems to state positively that it lay at the northern end of the Dead Sea. On the other hand, long-continued tradition and the names of the existing spots seem to pronounce with almost equal positiveness that it was at its southern end. Of the catastrophe which destroyed the city and the district of Sodom we can hardly hope ever to form a satisfactory conception. Some catastrophe there undoubtedly was but what secondary agencies, besides fire, were employed in the accomplishment of the punishment cannot be safely determined in the almost total absence of exact scientific description of the natural features of the ground round the lake. We may suppose, however, that the actual agent in the ignition and destruction of the cities had been of the nature of a tremendous thunder-storm accompanied by a discharge of meteoric stones, (and that these set on fire the bitumen with which the soil was saturated, and which was used in building the city. And it may be that this burning out of the soil caused the plain to sink below the level of the Dead Sea, and the waters to flow over it

   if indeed Sodom and its sister cities are really under the water.

   ED.) The miserable fate of Sodom and Gomorrah is held up as a warning in numerous passages of the Old and New Testaments. (Mark 8:11; 2 Peter 2:6; Jude 1:4-7)

(Romans 9:29; R.V., "Sodom"), the Greek form for Sodom.

(Romans 2:29) In this place alone the Authorized Version has followed the Greek and Vulgate form of the well-known name Sodom.

SOD'OMITE, noun

1. An inhabitant of Sodom.

2. One guilty of sodomy.

Those who imitated the licentious wickedness of Sodom (Deuteronomy 23:17; 1 Kings 14:24; Romans 1:26, 27). Asa destroyed them "out of the land" (1 Kings 15:12), as did also his son Jehoshaphat (22:46).

Inhabitants of Sodom.

Wickedness of
Genesis 19:4-14

Destroyed by fire as a judgment
Genesis 19:24-25

To be judged according to opportunity
Matthew 11:24; Luke 10:12

A proverbial term of reproach applied to those who practice sodomy
Deuteronomy 23:17; 1 Kings 14:24; 1 Kings 15:12; 1 Kings 22:46; 2 Kings 23:7; Job 36:14

The word harlot is the translation of a Hebrew feminine form of the word translated elsewhere sodomite
Genesis 38:21-22; Deuteronomy 23:17; Hosea 4:14
Sodomy

This word does not denote the inhabitants of Sodom; but it is employed in the Authorized Version of the Old Testament for those who practiced as a religious rite the abominable and unnatural vice from which the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah have derived their lasting infamy.

General references
Genesis 19:5-8; Exodus 22:19; Leviticus 18:22-23; Leviticus 20:13; Leviticus 20:15-16; Deuteronomy 23:17; Deuteronomy 27:21; Judges 19:22; 1 Kings 14:24; 1 Kings 15:12; 1 Kings 22:46; 2 Kings 23:7; Romans 1:24; Romans 1:26-27; 1 Corinthians 6:9; 1 Timothy 1:9-10
Sodomites

SOD'OMY, noun A crime against nature.